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Renal failure


Renal Failure 313g61d 313g61d 313g61d 313g61d 313g61d 313g61d 313g61d

General: Absence of renal function.

Ocular: Cotton-wool spots; retinal edema; optic disk edema; conjunctival calcium deposits; band keratopathy; cortical blindness; severe retinopathy is more likely to be found in patients with renal insufficiency; patients undergoing hemodialysis are at increased risk of elevated intraocular pressure, particularly in eyes that have undergone vitrectomy.

Clinical: Hypertension; azotemia; hypervolemia; metabolic disturbances; hyponatremia; hypercalcemia.

Braunwald E, et al., eds. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.

Collins JF. Handbook of Clinical Ophthalmology New York: Masson, 1982.

Miller JW, D'Amico DJ. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA, eds. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, vol. II. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1994:760-782.




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